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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tuzsut</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Труды учебных заведений связи</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1813-324X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2712-8830</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбГУТ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31854/1813-324X-2026-12-3-81-97</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">AGSSRU</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">tuzsut-809</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭЛЕКТРОНИКА, ФОТОНИКА, ПРИБОРОСТРОЕНИЕ И СВЯЗЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ELECTRONICS, PHOTONICS, INSTRUMENTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Туманные альянсы: децентрализованная облачная структура с федеративным машинным обучением для городских сетевых вселенных</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fog Alliances: A Decentralized Cloud Structure with Federated Machine Learning for Citiverses</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2219-3767</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тханг</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Thang</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры сетей связи и передачи данных Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета телекоммуникаций им. проф. М.А. Бонч-Бруевича</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dang.vt@sut.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4296-1822</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волков</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры сетей связи и передачи данных Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета телекоммуникаций им. проф. М.А. Бонч-Бруевича</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">artem.nv@sut.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет телекоммуникаций им. проф. М.А. Бонч-Бруевича</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>81</fpage><lpage>97</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тханг Д.В., Волков А.Н., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тханг Д.В., Волков А.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Thang D.V., Volkov A.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://tuzs.sut.ru/jour/article/view/809">https://tuzs.sut.ru/jour/article/view/809</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. В последние годы интеллектуальные транспортные системы играют важную роль в управлении городом и снижении транспортных рисков, став одной из инфраструктурных технологий для будущих городских сетевых вселенных. Одной из ключевых задач является повышение эффективности систем в части точного прогнозирования транспортного трафика в реальном времени. Традиционные централизованные модели глубокого обучения страдают от задержек в сети и уязвимости центрального сервера как по безопасности, так и по вычислительной нагрузке.</p><p>Целью работы является разработка децентрализованной облачной структуры на основе динамических туманных вычислений и федеративного машинного обучения для прогнозирования трафика в ИТС, устраняющей зависимость от центрального сервера и обеспечивающей отказоустойчивость системы. В интересах достижения цели исследования в работе используются методы анализа существующих публикаций в предметной области, математического моделирования и программного моделирования (верификация модели на реальных данных) для оценки результатов. Предлагаемая облачная структура объединяет три технологии: децентрализованное федеративное обучение, туманные вычисления и адаптивные графовые сверточные рекуррентные сети. </p></sec><sec><title>Результат</title><p>Результат. Предложенная структура эффективно работает без центрального сервера. На наборах PeMSD4 и PeMSD7(M) потребность в сетевых ресурсах снижена на 48 % по сравнению с традиционными методами FL, скорость сходимости выше на 17,8 %, точность прогноза сопоставима с моделями, использующими центральный сервер. Предложена новая децентрализованная архитектура, полностью исключающая центральный сервер при сохранении баланса между точностью, эффективностью и потреблением сетевых ресурсов. </p></sec><sec><title>Теоретическая значимость</title><p>Теоретическая значимость. Подтверждена обоснованность интеграции динамических туманных вычислений с децентрализованным федеративным обучением. Применение AGCRN на уровне туманных узлов обеспечивает точное моделирование пространственно-временны́х зависимостей без передачи сырых данных и без участия центрального сервера.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость. Результаты экспериментов подтверждают применимость решения в масштабных ИТС умных городов, особенно при ограниченной пропускной способности сети, разрывах соединения с облаком и перегрузке центрального сервера.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. In recent years, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have played a pivotal role in urban management and the reduction of transportation risks, having become a key infrastructure technology for future urban network universes (Citiverse). A key challenge is enhancing system efficiency through accurate, real-time traffic prediction. Traditional centralized deep learning models suffer from network propagation delays and vulnerability of the central server in terms of both security and computational overload.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To develop a decentralized cloud framework based on dynamic fog computing and federated machine learning for traffic prediction in ITS, eliminating dependency on a central server and ensuring system fault tolerance through the proposed architecture.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The study employs literature analysis in the subject area, mathematical modeling, and computational experiments for performance evaluation. The proposed cloud framework integrates three technologies: Decentralized Federated Learning, Fog Computing, and Adaptive Graph Convolutional Recurrent Networks.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The proposed framework operates effectively without a central server. Experiments on the real-world datasets PeMSD4 and PeMSD7(M) show that the model reduces communication overhead by approximately 48% compared to traditional FL methods. Convergence speed is significantly faster (a 17.8% reduction in the loss function during initial training rounds), while prediction accuracy remains at a competitive level compared to models relying on a central server. A novel decentralized system architecture is proposed that eliminates the central server while maintaining a balance among prediction accuracy, model efficiency, and network resource consumption. </p></sec><sec><title>Theoretical Significance</title><p>Theoretical Significance. The study confirms the theoretical validity of integrating dynamic fog computing with decentralized federated learning. Implementing this approach using AGCRN at the fog node level enables accurate modeling of complex spatio-temporal dependencies, while eliminating the need for raw data transmission and central server involvement.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical Significance</title><p>Practical Significance. Experimental results on real-world datasets confirm the feasibility of deploying the proposed solution in large-scale ITS within smart cities. The solution is particularly effective under conditions of limited network bandwidth, connectivity disruptions with the cloud, and overload of the central server.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>прогнозирование транспортных потоков</kwd><kwd>децентрализованное федеративное обучение</kwd><kwd>туманные вычисления</kwd><kwd>AGCRN</kwd><kwd>транспортные системы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>time synchronization</kwd><kwd>TSN</kwd><kwd>PTP</kwd><kwd>gPTP</kwd><kwd>IIoT</kwd><kwd>timescale</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang W., Luo J. Graph neural network for traffic forecasting: A survey // Expert Systems with Applications. 2022. Vol. 207. P. 117921. DOI:10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117921. EDN:MOJUQL</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang W., Luo J. Graph neural network for traffic forecasting: A survey. 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