tuzsutТруды учебных заведений связиProceedings of Telecommunication Universities1813-324X2712-8830СПбГУТ10.31854/1813-324X-2025-11-5-42-59WXEIHStuzsut-725Research ArticleЭЛЕКТРОНИКА, ФОТОНИКА, ПРИБОРОСТРОЕНИЕ И СВЯЗЬELECTRONICS, PHOTONICS, INSTRUMENTATION AND COMMUNICATIONSLDPC и полярные коды в 6G: сравнительное исследование и унифицированные фреймворкиLDPC and Polar Codes in 6G: A Comparative Study and Unified Frameworkshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2252-2750ЧжанВ.ZhangW.

инженер кафедры телевидения и управления Томского государственного университета систем управления и радиоэлектроники

zhangweijia@ieee.orghttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1192-4853ГазизовТ. Р.GazizovT. R.

доктор технических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой телевидения и управления Томского государственного университета систем управления и радиоэлектроники

talgat.r.gazizov@tusur.ruТомский государственный университет систем управления и радиоэлектроникиРоссияTomsk State University of Control Systems and RadioelectronicsRussian Federation2025051120251154259Copyright © Чжан В., Газизов Т.Р., 20252025Чжан В., Газизов Т.Р.Zhang W., Gazizov T.R.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://tuzs.sut.ru/jour/article/view/725Актуальность

Актуальность. По мере того, как беспроводные системы 6G стремятся удовлетворить экстремальные требования к пропускной способности, задержке, надежности и адаптивности, проектирование схем канального кодирования приобретает все более критическое значение. В данной статье представлен всесторонний сравнительный анализ кодов с малой плотностью проверок на четность (LDPC) и полярных кодов – двух наиболее перспективных кандидатов на роль канальных кодов для 6G. Рассматриваются их сильные стороны по ключевым метрикам, включая пропускную способность передачи данных, помехоустойчивость, сложность декодирования, аппаратную реализацию и адаптивность к динамичным условиям связи. Кроме того, обсуждаются современные подходы к созданию унифицированных фреймворков канального кодирования, включая обобщенные коды LDPC с компонентами, аналогичными полярным, и декодеры, основанные на искусственном интеллекте, направленные на сокращение разрыва в производительности в различных сценариях 6G. Целью данной работы является проведение систематического и измеримого сравнения LDPC и полярных кодов для 6G, а также изучение возможностей унифицированных кодовых структур для преодоления их разрыва в производительности.

Используемые методы

Используемые методы. В данном исследовании применяется систематический обзор литературы. Анализ начинается с оценки кодов LDPC и полярных кодов по четырем ключевым метрикам: пропускная способность, помехоустойчивость, сложность декодирования и аппаратная реализация, а также гибкость. Затем рассматриваются достижения в области проектирования длинных и коротких блочных кодов, а также унифицированные фреймворки. Сравнение подкреплено количественным анализом документированных данных о производительности.

Результаты

Результаты. Коды LDPC демонстрируют высокую масштабируемость и возможность параллельной аппаратной реализации, тогда как полярные коды показывают преимущества в коррекции ошибок при коротких блоках. Унифицированные подходы позволяют объединить их сильные стороны, повышая адаптивность к различным сценариям.

Новизна

Новизна. В отличие от предыдущих работ с фрагментарным анализом, данное исследование объединяет сравнительную оценку с рассмотрением унифицированных подходов, формируя целостное представление.

Теоретическая значимость

Теоретическая значимость. Результаты обогащают теоретическое понимание компромиссов при выборе кодов для 6G и расширяют знания о перспективах их развития. Работа предлагает прикладные ориентиры для исследователей и органов стандартизации при разработке стратегий построения кодовых схем следующего поколения.

Практическая значимость

Практическая значимость. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при проектировании систем связи 6G для оптимизации выбора между кодами: полярные коды – для коротких пакетов с требованиями низкой задержки и высокой энергоэффективности; LDPC (в частности, SC-LDPC) – для длинных кодов, где критичны аппаратная масштабируемость и распараллеливание. Результаты также применимы для разработки унифицированных декодеров и адаптивных систем, динамически переключающихся между схемами, что повышает гибкость и эффективность телекоммуникационных инфраструктур.

Relevance

Relevance. As sixth-generation (6G) wireless systems pursue extreme requirements in throughput, latency, reliability, and adaptability, the design of channel coding schemes becomes increasingly critical. This paper presents a comprehensive comparison between Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes and Polar codes, the two most promising channel coding candidates for 6G. We analyze their respective strengths across key metrics including data throughput, error-correction capability, decoding complexity, hardware implementation, and adaptability to dynamic communication scenarios. Furthermore, we explore recent advances in unified channel coding frameworks, including generalized LDPC with Polar-like components (GLDPC-PC) and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted decoders, which aim to bridge the performance gap across diverse 6G scenarios.

Purpose

Purpose. This paper aims to provide a systematic and measurable comparison of LDPC and Polar codes for 6G, while also examining the feasibility of unified coding frameworks to bridge their performance gaps.

Methods used

Methods used. This study employs a systematic literature review. The analysis first evaluates LDPC and Polar codes against four key metrics: data throughput, error-correction capability, decoding complexity and hardware implementation, and flexibility. It then examines advancements in long- and short-block code design and unified frameworks. The comparison is substantiated by a quantitative analysis of documented performance data.

Results

Results. LDPC codes demonstrate strong hardware scalability and parallelism, while Polar codes excel in short-packet error correction. Unified approaches integrate their advantages, enhancing adaptability to diverse scenarios.

Novelty

Novelty. Unlike prior works with fragmented analyses, this study combines comparative evaluation with an exploration of unified frameworks, providing an integrated perspective.

Theoretical significance

Theoretical significance. The results enrich theoretical understanding of 6G coding trade-offs. The paper offers a guidance for researchers and standardization bodies in designing future coding strategies.

Practical significance

Practical significance. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the conducted comparative study of LDPC and Polar codes enables a well-founded selection of channel coding schemes for various 6G communication scenarios. The obtained results can be used in the design of 6G communication systems to optimize the choice between codes: Polar codes are suitable for short packets requiring low latency and high energy efficiency, while LDPC codes (particularly SC-LDPC) are ideal for long codes where hardware scalability and parallelism are critical. The results are also applicable to the development of unified decoders and adaptive systems capable of dynamically switching between schemes, which enhances the flexibility and efficiency of future telecommunication infrastructures.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.