<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tuzsut</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Труды учебных заведений связи</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1813-324X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2712-8830</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбГУТ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31854/1813-324X-2025-11-2-67-82</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">QCIUMV</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">tuzsut-671</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭЛЕКТРОНИКА, ФОТОНИКА, ПРИБОРОСТРОЕНИЕ И СВЯЗЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ELECTRONICS, PHOTONICS, INSTRUMENTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Перспективная архитектура сетей, определяемых знаниями (KDN)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Future Architecture of Knowledge-Defined Networking (KDN)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8760-1089</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Блан</surname><given-names>Ф. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Blan</surname><given-names>F. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры инфокоммуникационных систем Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета телекоммуникаций им. проф. М.А. Бонч-Бруевича</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">blan.fs@sut.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4077-6869</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Елагин</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Elagin</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры Инфокоммуникационных систем Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета телекоммуникаций им. проф. М.А. Бонч-Бруевича</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v.elagin@sut.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет телекоммуникаций им. проф. М.А. Бонч-Бруевича<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>67</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Блан Ф.С., Елагин В.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Блан Ф.С., Елагин В.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Blan F.S., Elagin V.S.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://tuzs.sut.ru/jour/article/view/671">https://tuzs.sut.ru/jour/article/view/671</self-uri><abstract><p>В данной статье рассматривается концепция и архитектура сетей, определяемых знаниями ‒ новой парадигмы управления сетями, которая интегрирует искусственный интеллект и машинное обучение для обеспечения интеллектуального и адаптивного поведения сети.</p><p>Актуальность исследования обусловлена ограничениями традиционных и программно-определяемых сетей в условиях современных вызовов, таких как экспоненциальный рост трафика, динамичные условия и увеличение операционных затрат. Рассматриваемые в исследовании сети вводят плоскость знаний, что позволяет оптимизировать распределение ресурсов, автоматизировать принятие решений и повышать безопасность в режиме реального времени. Несмотря на то, что сегодня большой популярностью пользуется технология SDN (Software-Defined Network), в которой централизованная функция управления позволяет обозревать все процессы, происходящие в сети. В свое время ее появление действительно оказалось прорывом, и сейчас некоторые эксперты склоняются к тому, что следующим этапом эволюции сетей станет Knowledge-Defined Network – сеть, определяемая знаниями, действующая на основе алгоритмов машинного обучения. Маршрутизация, распределение ресурсов, виртуализация сетевых функций (Network Functions Virtualization, NFV), цепочка сервисных функций (Service Function Chaining, SFC), обнаружение аномалий, анализ загруженности сети – все эти пункты способна взять на себя KDN.</p><p>Цель исследования заключается в изучении структурных и функциональных особенностей сетей, определяемых знаниями, а также ‒ в анализе взаимодействия пяти логических плоскостей: данных, управления, мониторинга, знаний и приложений ‒ для достижения высокой степени автоматизации и адаптации.</p><p>Методы включают анализ научной литературы, концептуальное моделирование и сравнительную оценку архитектур определяемой знаниями сети и программно-определяемой сети.</p><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В ходе исследования была проанализирована архитектура сетей, определяемых знаниями, и определено, что интеграция плоскости знаний в сеть позволяет добиться значительного повышения автоматизации и адаптивности. </p></sec><sec><title>Новизна</title><p>Новизна. Проведенное исследование является одной из первых попыток провести системный анализ концепции сетей, определяемых знаниями, в контексте русскоязычной научной литературы. Работа восполняет существующий пробел в отечественной науке, предлагая уникальный взгляд на возможности сетей, определяемых знаниями, с учетом специфики локальных условий и применения</p><p>Теоретическая значимость работы заключается в создании основы для изучения и интеграции методов машинного обучения в системы управления сетями.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In this paper, the concept and architecture of Knowledge-Defined Networking (KDN) are explored as a new paradigm of network management that integrates artificial intelligence and machine learning to enable intelligent and adaptive network behavior.</p><p>The relevance of the research is driven by the limitations of traditional and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) systems in the face of modern challenges such as exponential traffic growth, dynamic conditions, and rising operational costs. KDN introduces a knowledge plane that optimizes resource allocation, automates decision-making, and enhances security in real-time. Despite the fact that today the SDN (Software-Defined Network) technology is very popular, in which the centralized control function allows to review all processes occurring in the network. At the time, its appearance really turned out to be a breakthrough, and now some experts are inclined to believe that the next stage of network evolution will be the Knowledge-Defined Network - a network defined by knowledge, operating on the basis of machine learning algorithms. Routing, resource allocation, network function virtualization (NFV), service function chaining (Service Function Chaining, SFC), anomaly detection, network load analysis - all these points can be taken on by KDN. The study aims to examine the structural and functional features of KDN and analyze the interaction of its five logical planes ‒ data, control, monitoring, knowledge, and applications ‒ to achieve a high degree of automation and adaptability.The research methods include literature analysis, conceptual modeling, and a comparative evaluation of KDN and SDN architectures.</p><p>The results. The study analyzed the architecture of KDN, comprising five logical planes: data, control, monitoring, knowledge, and applications. The findings demonstrate that integrating the knowledge plane significantly enhances automation and adaptability within the network.</p><p>The novelty of this work lies in being one of the first attempts to conduct a systematic analysis of the Knowledge-Defined Networking (KDN) concept in the context of Russian-language scientific literature. The research addresses an existing gap in domestic science, offering a unique perspective on KDN capabilities considering local conditions and applications.</p><p>The theoretical significance of the work lies in establishing a foundation for the study and integration of machine learning methods into network management systems.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сети</kwd><kwd>определяемые знаниями</kwd><kwd>программно-определяемые сети</kwd><kwd>автоматизация управления</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>интеллектуальное управление</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Knowledge-Defined Networking</kwd><kwd>Software-Defined Networking</kwd><kwd>management automation</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>intelligent management</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zoraida B.S.E., Ganesan I. A Comparative Study on Software-Defined Network with Traditional Networks // TEM Journal. 2024. Vol. 13. Iss. 1. PP. 167–176. DOI:10.18421/TEM131-17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zoraida B.S.E., Ganesan I. A Comparative Study on Software-Defined Network with Traditional Networks. TEM Journal. 2024;13(1):167–76. DOI:10.18421/TEM131-17</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hakiri A., Gokhale A., Berthou P., Schmidt D.C., Gayraud T. Software-defined Networking: Challenges and Research Opportunities for Future Internet // Computer Networks. 2014. Vol. 75. Part A. PP. 453–471. DOI:10.1016/j.comnet.2014.10.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hakiri A., Gokhale A., Berthou P., Schmidt D.C., Gayraud T. Software-defined Networking: Challenges and Research Opportunities for Future Internet. Computer Networks. 2014;75(A):453–71. DOI:10.1016/j.comnet.2014.10.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ashtari S., Zhou I., Abolhasan M., Shariati N., Lipman J., Ni W. Knowledge-defined networking: Applications, challenges and future work // Array. 2022. Vol. 14. P. 100136. DOI:10.1016/j.array.2022.100136</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ashtari S., Zhou I., Abolhasan M., Shariati N., Lipman J., Ni W. Knowledge-defined networking: Applications, challenges and future work. Array. 2022;14:100136. DOI:10.1016/j.array.2022.100136</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jarrahi M.H., Askay D., Eshraghi A., Smith P. Artificial intelligence and knowledge management: A partnership between human and AI // Business Horizons. 2023. Vol. 66. Iss. 1. PP. 87–99. DOI:10.1016/j.bushor.2022.03.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jarrahi M.H., Askay D., Eshraghi A., Smith P. Artificial intelligence and knowledge management: A partnership between human and AI. Business Horizons. 2023;66(1):87–99. DOI:10.1016/j.bushor.2022.03.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Srinivas T.A., Donald A., Thippanna G., Kousar M., Priya A. From Control to Chaos: The Dynamic SDN Control Plane // International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology. 2023. Vol. 3. Iss. 2. PP. 494–502. DOI:10.48175/IJARSCT-8527</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Srinivas T.A., Donald A., Thippanna G., Kousar M., Priya A. From Control to Chaos: The Dynamic SDN Control Plane. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology. 2023;3(2):494–502. DOI:10.48175/IJARSCT-8527</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mestres A., Rodriguez-Natal A., Carner J., Barlet-Ros P., Alarcón E., Solé-Simó M., et al. Knowledge-Defined Networking // ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review. 2017. Vol. 47. Iss. 3. PP. 2–10. DOI:10.1145/3138808.3138810</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mestres A., Rodriguez-Natal A., Carner J., Barlet-Ros P., Alarcón E., Solé-Simó M., et al. Knowledge-Defined Networking. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review. 2017;47(3):2–10. DOI:10.1145/3138808.3138810</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li W. Explore the Evolution of Computer Network Architecture // International Journal of Religion. 2024. Vol. 5. № 11. PP. 9034–9054. DOI:10.61707/ahr2da31</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li W. Explore the Evolution of Computer Network Architecture. International Journal of Religion. 2024;5(11):9034–9054. DOI:10.61707/ahr2da31</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Das R., Pohrmen F., Maji A., Saha G. FT-SDN: A Fault-Tolerant Distributed Architecture for Software Defined Network // Wireless Personal Communications. 2020. Vol. 114. PP. 1045–1066. DOI:10.1007/s11277-020-07407-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Das R., Pohrmen F., Maji A., Saha G. FT-SDN: A Fault-Tolerant Distributed Architecture for Software Defined Network. Wireless Personal Communications. 2020;114:1045–66. DOI:10.1007/s11277-020-07407-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang T., Su Z., Hamdi M. Rethinking the Data Center Networking: Architecture, Network Protocols, and Resource Sharing // IEEE Access. 2014. Vol. 2. PP. 1481–1496. DOI:10.1109/ACCESS.2014.2383439</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang T., Su Z., Hamdi M. Rethinking the Data Center Networking: Architecture, Network Protocols, and Resource Sharing. IEEE Access. 2014;2:1481–96. DOI:10.1109/ACCESS.2014.2383439</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agoulmine N. Chapter 1. Introduction to Autonomic Concepts Applied to Future Self-Managed Networks // In: Walsh S.M., Strano M.S. (ed.) Autonomic Network Management Principles. Academic Press, 2011. PP. 1–26. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-382190-4.00001-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agoulmine N. Chapter 1. Introduction to Autonomic Concepts Applied to Future Self-Managed Networks. In: Walsh S.M., Strano M.S. (ed.) Autonomic Network Management Principles. Academic Press; 2011. p.1–26. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-382190-4.00001-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silver E. An overview of heuristic solution methods // Journal of The Operational Research Society. 2004. Vol. 55. Iss. 9. PP. 936–956. DOI:10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601758</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silver E. An overview of heuristic solution methods. Journal of the Operational Research Society. 2004;55(9):936–56. DOI:10.1057/palgrave.jors.2601758</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oladipupo T. Machine Learning Overview // In: Zhang Y. (ed.) New Advances in Machine Learning. InTech, 2010. PP. 9–18. DOI:10.5772/9374</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oladipupo T. Machine Learning Overview. In: Zhang Y. (ed.) New Advances in Machine Learning. InTech; 2010. p.9–18. DOI:10.5772/9374</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nasteski V. An overview of the supervised machine learning methods // Horizons. 2017. Vol. 4. PP. 51–62. DOI:10.20544/HORIZONS.B.04.1.17.P05</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasteski V. An overview of the supervised machine learning methods. Horizons. 2017;4:51–62. DOI:10.20544/ HORIZONS.B.04.1.17.P05</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yazici İ., Shayea I., Din J. A survey of applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in future mobile net-works-enabled systems // Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal. 2023. Vol. 44. P. 101455. DOI:10.1016/j.jestch.2023.101455</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yazici İ., Shayea I., Din J. A survey of applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in future mobile networks-enabled systems. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal. 2023;44:101455. DOI:10.1016/j.jestch.2023.101455</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang C., Patras P., Haddadi H. Deep Learning in Mobile and Wireless Networking: A Survey // IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials. 2019. Vol. 21. Iss. 3. PP. 2224–2287. DOI:10.1109/COMST.2019.2904897</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang C., Patras P., Haddadi H. Deep Learning in Mobile and Wireless Networking: A Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials. 2019;21(3):2224–87. DOI:10.1109/COMST.2019.2904897</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Magadum A.A., Ranjan A., Narayan D.G. DeepQoSR: A Deep Reinforcement Learning based QoS-Aware Routing for Software Defined Data Center Networks // Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT, Kharagpur, India, 06‒08 July 2021). IEEE, 2021. DOI:10.1109/ICCCNT51525.2021. 9579514</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magadum A.A., Ranjan A., Narayan D.G. DeepQoSR: A Deep Reinforcement Learning based QoS-Aware Routing for Software Defined Data Center Networks. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies, ICCCNT, 06‒08 July 2021, Kharagpur, India. IEEE; 2021. DOI:10.1109/ICCCNT51525.2021.9579514</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volokyta A., Kogan A., Cherevatenko O., Korenko D., Oboznyi D., Kulakov Y. Traffic Engineering with Specified Quality of Service Parameters in Software-defined Networks // International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security (IJCNIS). 2024. Vol. 16. Iss. 5. PP. 1–13. DOI:10.5815/ijcnis.2024.05.01</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volokyta A., Kogan A., Cherevatenko O., Korenko D., Oboznyi D., Kulakov Y. Traffic Engineering with Specified Quali-ty of Service Parameters in Software-defined Networks. International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security (IJCNIS). 2024;16(5):1–13. DOI:10.5815/ijcnis.2024.05.01</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sood M. 5G Network Slicing to Deliver Improved User Experience // International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology. 2023. Vol. 71. Iss. 9. PP. 59–68. DOI:10.14445/22312803/IJCTT-V71I9P107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sood M. 5G Network Slicing to Deliver Improved User Experience. International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology. 2023;71(9):59–68. DOI:10.14445/22312803/IJCTT-V71I9P107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu S., Liu M., Dou W., Liu X., Zhou S. Networking for Big Data: A Survey // IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials. 2017. Vol. 19. Iss. 1. PP. 531–549. DOI:10.1109/COMST.2016.2610963</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu S., Liu M., Dou W., Liu X., Zhou S. Networking for Big Data: A Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials. 2017;19(1):531–49. DOI:10.1109/COMST.2016.2610963</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wen J., Zhang Z., Lan Y., Cui Z., Cai J., Zhang W. A survey on federated learning: challenges and applications // International Journal of Machine Learning &amp; Cybernetics. 2023. Vol. 14. PP. 513–535. DOI:10.1007/s13042-022-01647-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wen J., Zhang Z., Lan Y., Cui Z., Cai J., Zhang W. A survey on federated learning: challenges and applications. International Journal of Machine Learning &amp; Cybernetics. 2023;14:513–35. DOI:10.1007/s13042-022-01647-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strannegård C., Häggström O., Wessberg J., Balkenius C. Transparent Neural Networks: Integrating Concept Formation and Reasoning // Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Artificial General Intelligence (AGI, Oxford, UK, 8‒11 December 2012). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2012. Vol. 7716. PP. 302–311. DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-35506-6_31</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strannegård C., Häggström O., Wessberg J., Balkenius C. Transparent Neural Networks: Integrating Concept Formation and Reasoning. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Artificial General Intelligence, AGI, 8‒11 December 2012, Oxford, UK. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol.7716. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012. p.302–311. DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-35506-6_31</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El Boudani B., Dagiuklas T., Iqbal M. SO-KDN: A Self-Organised Knowledge Defined Networks Architecture for Reliable Routing. 2021. PP. 160–166. DOI:10.1145/3459955.3460617</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El Boudani B., Dagiuklas T., Iqbal M. SO-KDN: A Self-Organised Knowledge Defined Networks Architecture for Reliable Routing. 2021;160–6. DOI:10.1145/3459955.3460617</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
