<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tuzsut</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Труды учебных заведений связи</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1813-324X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2712-8830</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбГУТ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31854/1813-324X-2019-5-2-6-19</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">tuzsut-67</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРИБОРОСТРОЕНИЕ, МЕТРОЛОГИЯ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-ИЗМЕРИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРИБОРЫ И СИСТЕМЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INSTRUMENTATION, METROLOGY AND INFORMATION-MEASURING DEVICES AND SYSTEMS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>НОВАЯ МЕТОДИКА ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ОПТИЧЕСКИХ ВОЛОКОН, ЛЕГИРОВАННЫХ ИОНАМИ ЭРБИЯ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A Novel Measurement Technique of the Parameters of Erbium-Doped Optical Fibers</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Былина</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bylina</surname><given-names>M. ..</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чаймарданов</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chaimardanov</surname><given-names>P. ..</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">pchai@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет телекоммуникаций им. проф. М.А. Бонч-Бруевича</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State University of Telecommunications</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Былина М.С., Чаймарданов П.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Былина М.С., Чаймарданов П.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bylina M..., Chaimardanov P...</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://tuzs.sut.ru/jour/article/view/67">https://tuzs.sut.ru/jour/article/view/67</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье выявлены основные недостатки существующих методик измерения параметров активных оптических волокон (АОВ) для модели, используемой для DWDM-систем. Показано, что результат моделирования мощности сигнала вдоль АОВ может существенно зависеть от точности определения коэффициентов поглощения и усиления АОВ. Представлен разработанный комплекс новых методик для определения параметров АОВ, произведена его экспериментальная проверка, выявлены его ограничения и области применения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper presents a novel measurement technique of the parameters of erbium-doped fibers for modeling EDFA ampfiers in DWDM systems. A distinctive feature of the proposed measurement technique is the elimination of the effect of losses introduced by the passive components of the measuring schemes on the measurement results.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>оптический усилитель</kwd><kwd>волоконно-оптическая система передачи</kwd><kwd>методика измерения</kwd><kwd>оптическая накачка</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier</kwd><kwd>Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing</kwd><kwd>Optical Amplifier</kwd><kwd>Fiber Optic Transmission System</kwd><kwd>Measurement Technique</kwd><kwd>Optical Pumping</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Becker P.C., Olsson N.A., Simpson J.R. Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers. Fundamentals and Technology. San Diego: Academic Press, 1999. 460 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker P.C., Olsson N.A., Simpson J.R. Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers. Fundamentals and Technology. San Diego: Academic Press, 1999. 460 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Desurvire E. Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers. Principles and Applications. New York: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1994. 800 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Desurvire E. Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers. Principles and Applications. New York: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1994. 800 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Digonnet M.J.F. Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2001. DOI:10.1201/9780203904657</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Digonnet M.J.F. Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2001. DOI:10.1201/9780203904657</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чаймарданов П.А., Былина М.С. Новая методика расчета оптического усилителя EDFA с многоканальными источниками сигналов и накачек // Научно-технические ведомости СПбГПУ. Информатика. Телекоммуникации. Управление. 2017. Т. 10. № 3. С. 92-102. DOI:10.18721/JCSTCS.10308</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Чаймарданов П.А., Былина М.С. Новая методика расчета оптического усилителя EDFA с многоканальными источниками сигналов и накачек // Научно-технические ведомости СПбГПУ. Информатика. Телекоммуникации. Управление. 2017. Т. 10. № 3. С. 92-102. DOI:10.18721/JCSTCS.10308</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madruga F.J., Quintela M.A., Galíndez C., Lomer M., Lopez Higuera J.M. Effects of temperature on High Concentration Erbium-doped fiber intrinsic parameters // Proceedings of SPIE. Third European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensor (Napoli, Italy, 4-6 July 2007). SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2007. Vol. 66190. DOI:10.1117/12.738365</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madruga F.J., Quintela M.A., Galíndez C., Lomer M., Lopez Higuera J.M. Effects of temperature on High Concentration Erbium-doped fiber intrinsic parameters // Proceedings of SPIE. Third European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensor (Napoli, Italy, 4-6 July 2007). SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2007. Vol. 66190. DOI:10.1117/12.738365</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park H.G., Yun S.C., Jin Y.J. Er-doped Superfluorescent Fiber Source with Thermally Stable Mean Wavelength // Journal of the Optical Society of Korea. 2009. Vol. 13. Iss. 2. PP. 240-244. DOI:0.3807/JOSK.2009.13.2.240</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park H.G., Yun S.C., Jin Y.J. Er-doped Superfluorescent Fiber Source with Thermally Stable Mean Wavelength // Journal of the Optical Society of Korea. 2009. Vol. 13. Iss. 2. PP. 240-244. DOI:0.3807/JOSK.2009.13.2.240</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barnes W.L., Laming R.I., Tarbox E.J., Morkel P.R. Absorption and emission cross section of Er/sup 3+/ doped silica fibers // IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics. 1991. Vol. 27. Iss. 4. PP.1004-1010. DOI:10.1109/3.83335</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barnes W.L., Laming R.I., Tarbox E.J., Morkel P.R. Absorption and emission cross section of Er/sup 3+/ doped silica fibers // IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics. 1991. Vol. 27. Iss. 4. PP.1004-1010. DOI:10.1109/3.83335</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen C.-Y., Wen S., Chi S. Measuring emission cross-section profile of erbium-doped fibre with low input power // Electronics letters. 1994. Vol. 3. Iss. 11. PP. 889-891. DOI:10.1049/el:19940579</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen C.-Y., Wen S., Chi S. Measuring emission cross-section profile of erbium-doped fibre with low input power // Electronics letters. 1994. Vol. 3. Iss. 11. PP. 889-891. DOI:10.1049/el:19940579</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Téllez-Garcia R., Sanchez H.H., Camas-Anzueto J.L., Kuzin E.A., Ibarra-Escamilla B., Pottiez O. Method for measuring erbium-doped fiber parameters // Proceedings of the 5th Iberoamerican Meeting on Optics and 8th Latin American Meeting on Optics, Lasers, and Their Applications (Porlamar, Venezuela, 3-8 October 2004) SPIE. Digital Library, 2004. Vol. 5622. DOI:10.1117/12.591259.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Téllez-Garcia R., Sanchez H.H., Camas-Anzueto J.L., Kuzin E.A., Ibarra-Escamilla B., Pottiez O. Method for measuring erbium-doped fiber parameters // Proceedings of the 5th Iberoamerican Meeting on Optics and 8th Latin American Meeting on Optics, Lasers, and Their Applications (Porlamar, Venezuela, 3-8 October 2004) SPIE. Digital Library, 2004. Vol. 5622. DOI:10.1117/12.591259.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karimi M., Seraji F.E. Experimental technique for simultaneous measurement of absorption-, emission cross-sections, and background loss coefficient in doped optical fibers // Applied Physics B. 2010. Vol. 98. Iss. 1. PP. 113-117. DOI:10.1007/s00340-009-3760-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karimi M., Seraji F.E. Experimental technique for simultaneous measurement of absorption-, emission cross-sections, and background loss coefficient in doped optical fibers // Applied Physics B. 2010. Vol. 98. Iss. 1. PP. 113-117. DOI:10.1007/s00340-009-3760-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karimi M., Seraji F.E. A novel method for simultaneous measurement of doped optical ﬁber parameters // The European Physical Journal - Applied Physics. 2010. Vol. 50. Iss. 2. DOI:10.1051/epjap/2010038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karimi M., Seraji F.E. A novel method for simultaneous measurement of doped optical ﬁber parameters // The European Physical Journal - Applied Physics. 2010. Vol. 50. Iss. 2. DOI:10.1051/epjap/2010038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karimi M., Seraji F.E. Theoretical Comparative Studies of Cross-Section Evaluation in Erbium-Doped Optical Fibers // Progress In Electromagnetics Research B. 2010. Vol. 23. PP. 147-164. DOI:10.2528/PIERB10052301</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karimi M., Seraji F.E. Theoretical Comparative Studies of Cross-Section Evaluation in Erbium-Doped Optical Fibers // Progress In Electromagnetics Research B. 2010. Vol. 23. PP. 147-164. DOI:10.2528/PIERB10052301</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ono H., Yamada M., Ichii K., Matsuo S. Method for estimating gain coefficient spectrum of erbium-doped fiber based on net gain-loss measurement employing 4I13/2 level pumping // Optics letters. 2014. Vol. 39. Iss. 6. PP. 1653-1656. DOI:10.1364/OL.39.001653</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ono H., Yamada M., Ichii K., Matsuo S. Method for estimating gain coefficient spectrum of erbium-doped fiber based on net gain-loss measurement employing 4I13/2 level pumping // Optics letters. 2014. Vol. 39. Iss. 6. PP. 1653-1656. DOI:10.1364/OL.39.001653</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Digonnet M.J.F., Murphy-Chutorian E., Falquier D.G. Fundamental limitations of the McCumber relation applied to Er-doped silica and other amorphous-host lasers // IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics. 2002. Vol. 38. Iss. 12. PP. 1629-1637. DOI:10.1109/JQE.2002.805111</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Digonnet M.J.F., Murphy-Chutorian E., Falquier D.G. Fundamental limitations of the McCumber relation applied to Er-doped silica and other amorphous-host lasers // IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics. 2002. Vol. 38. Iss. 12. PP. 1629-1637. DOI:10.1109/JQE.2002.805111</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foster S., Tikhomirov A. In Defence of the McCumber Relation for Erbium-Doped Silica and Other Laser Glasses // IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics. 2009. Vol. 45. Iss. 10. PP. 1232-1239. DOI:10.1109/JQE.2009.2022763</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foster S., Tikhomirov A. In Defence of the McCumber Relation for Erbium-Doped Silica and Other Laser Glasses // IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics. 2009. Vol. 45. Iss. 10. PP. 1232-1239. DOI:10.1109/JQE.2009.2022763</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brunel M., Vallet M., Bretenaker F., Le Floch A., Adam J.L., Duhamel-Henry N., Allain J.Y. A simple method to measure the lifetime of excited levels of rare earth ions: application to erbium ions in fluorophosphate glasses // Optical Materials. 1996. Vol. 5. Iss. 3. PP. 209-215. DOI:10.1016/0925-3467(95)00060-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brunel M., Vallet M., Bretenaker F., Le Floch A., Adam J.L., Duhamel-Henry N., Allain J.Y. A simple method to measure the lifetime of excited levels of rare earth ions: application to erbium ions in fluorophosphate glasses // Optical Materials. 1996. Vol. 5. Iss. 3. PP. 209-215. DOI:10.1016/0925-3467(95)00060-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuroda K., Nakandakari M., Yoshikuni Y. Metastable-state lifetime of erbium ions measured through delayed absorption in the fiber propagation direction // Applied Physics B. 2017. Vol. 123. Iss. 4. DOI:10.1007/s00340-017-6674-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuroda K., Nakandakari M., Yoshikuni Y. Metastable-state lifetime of erbium ions measured through delayed absorption in the fiber propagation direction // Applied Physics B. 2017. Vol. 123. Iss. 4. DOI:10.1007/s00340-017-6674-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakandakari M., Kuroda K., Yoshikuni Y. Metastable-state lifetime of erbium ions measured in the ﬁber propagation direction: Expansion of measurable ﬁber length // Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 2017. Vol. 56. Iss. 11. DOI:10.7567/JJAP.56.112501</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakandakari M., Kuroda K., Yoshikuni Y. Metastable-state lifetime of erbium ions measured in the ﬁber propagation direction: Expansion of measurable ﬁber length // Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 2017. Vol. 56. Iss. 11. DOI:10.7567/JJAP.56.112501</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yan K., Vu K., Yang Z., Wang R., Debbarma S., Luther-Davies B. Madden S. Emission properties of erbium-doped Ge-Ga- Se glasses, thin films and waveguides for laser amplifiers // Optical Materials Express. 2014. Vol. 4. Iss. 3. PP. 464-475. DOI:10.1364/OME.4.000464</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yan K., Vu K., Yang Z., Wang R., Debbarma S., Luther-Davies B. Madden S. Emission properties of erbium-doped Ge-Ga- Se glasses, thin films and waveguides for laser amplifiers // Optical Materials Express. 2014. Vol. 4. Iss. 3. PP. 464-475. DOI:10.1364/OME.4.000464</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wei T., Tian Y., Tian C., Jing X., Zhang J., Zhang L., Xu S. Optical spectroscopy and population behavior between 4I11/2 and 4I13/2 levels of erbium doped germanate glass // Optical Materials Express. 2014. Vol. 4. Iss. 10. PP. 2150-2165. DOI:10.1364/OME.4.002150</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wei T., Tian Y., Tian C., Jing X., Zhang J., Zhang L., Xu S. Optical spectroscopy and population behavior between 4I11/2 and 4I13/2 levels of erbium doped germanate glass // Optical Materials Express. 2014. Vol. 4. Iss. 10. PP. 2150-2165. DOI:10.1364/OME.4.002150</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Z.Y., Grattan K.T.V., Palmer A.W., Meggitt B.T., Sun T. Fluorescence decay-time characteristics of erbium-doped optical ﬁber at elevated temperatures // Review of Scientific Instruments. 1997. Vol. 68. Iss. 7. PP. 2764-2766. DOI:10.1063/1.1148192</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Z.Y., Grattan K.T.V., Palmer A.W., Meggitt B.T., Sun T. Fluorescence decay-time characteristics of erbium-doped optical ﬁber at elevated temperatures // Review of Scientific Instruments. 1997. Vol. 68. Iss. 7. PP. 2764-2766. DOI:10.1063/1.1148192</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barmenkov Yu.O., Kir’yanov A.V., Guzmán-Chávez A.D., Cruz J.L., Andrés M.V. Excited-state absorption in erbium-doped silica fiber with simultaneous excitation at 977 and 1531 nm // Journal of Applied Physics. 2009. Vol. 106. Iss. 8. DOI:10.1063/1.3248369</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barmenkov Yu.O., Kir’yanov A.V., Guzmán-Chávez A.D., Cruz J.L., Andrés M.V. Excited-state absorption in erbium-doped silica fiber with simultaneous excitation at 977 and 1531 nm // Journal of Applied Physics. 2009. Vol. 106. Iss. 8. DOI:10.1063/1.3248369</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kir’yanov A.V., Barmenkov Y.O., Sandoval-Romero G.E., Escalante-Zarate L. Er3+ Concentration Effects in Commercial Erbium Doped Silica Fibers Fabricated Through the MCVD and DND Technologies // IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics. 2013. Vol. 49. Iss. 6. PP. 511-521. DOI:10.1109/JQE.2013.2257691</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kir’yanov A.V., Barmenkov Y.O., Sandoval-Romero G.E., Escalante-Zarate L. Er3+ Concentration Effects in Commercial Erbium Doped Silica Fibers Fabricated Through the MCVD and DND Technologies // IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics. 2013. Vol. 49. Iss. 6. PP. 511-521. DOI:10.1109/JQE.2013.2257691</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shin J.H., Lee J.H. Investigation of signal excited-state absorption in bismuth-based erbium-doped ﬁber ampliﬁer // Journal of the Optical Society of America B. 2010. Vol. 27. Iss. 7. PP. 1452-1457. DOI:10.1364/JOSAB.27.001452</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shin J.H., Lee J.H. Investigation of signal excited-state absorption in bismuth-based erbium-doped ﬁber ampliﬁer // Journal of the Optical Society of America B. 2010. Vol. 27. Iss. 7. PP. 1452-1457. DOI:10.1364/JOSAB.27.001452</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kir’yanov A.V., Barmenkov Yu.O., Guzman-Chavez A.D. Er3+ excited-state absorption in an erbium-doped silica fiber at the wavelengths 1490-1580 and 978 nm // Laser Physics. 2008. Vol. 18. Iss. 11. DOI:10.1134/S1054660X08110078</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kir’yanov A.V., Barmenkov Yu.O., Guzman-Chavez A.D. Er3+ excited-state absorption in an erbium-doped silica fiber at the wavelengths 1490-1580 and 978 nm // Laser Physics. 2008. Vol. 18. Iss. 11. DOI:10.1134/S1054660X08110078</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellemare A. Continuous-wave silica-based erbium-doped ﬁbre lasers // Progress in Quantum Electronics. 2003. Vol. 27. Iss. 4. PP. 211-266. DOI:10.1016/S0079-6727(02)00025-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bellemare A. Continuous-wave silica-based erbium-doped ﬁbre lasers // Progress in Quantum Electronics. 2003. Vol. 27. Iss. 4. PP. 211-266. DOI:10.1016/S0079-6727(02)00025-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quimby R.S. Output saturation in a 980-nm pumped erbium-doped fiber amplifier // Applied Optics. 1991. Vol. 30. Iss. 18. PP. 2546-2552. DOI:10.1364/AO.30.002546</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quimby R.S. Output saturation in a 980-nm pumped erbium-doped fiber amplifier // Applied Optics. 1991. Vol. 30. Iss. 18. PP. 2546-2552. DOI:10.1364/AO.30.002546</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quimby R.S., Miniscalco W.J., Thompson B. Clustering in erbium-doped silica glass fibers analyzed using 980 nm excited-state absorption // Journal of Applied Optics. 1994. Vol. 76. Iss. 8. PP. 4472-4478. DOI:10.1063/1.357278</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quimby R.S., Miniscalco W.J., Thompson B. Clustering in erbium-doped silica glass fibers analyzed using 980 nm excited-state absorption // Journal of Applied Optics. 1994. Vol. 76. Iss. 8. PP. 4472-4478. DOI:10.1063/1.357278</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qi F., Huang F., Zhou L.F., Tian Y., Lei R., Ren G.Y., Zhang J., Zhang L., Xu S. Long lifetime of Er3+: 4I11/2 in low phonon-energy ﬂuoro-chloride glasses for mid-infrared optical applications // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2018. Vol. 731. PP. 418-422. DOI:10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.10.020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qi F., Huang F., Zhou L.F., Tian Y., Lei R., Ren G.Y., Zhang J., Zhang L., Xu S. Long lifetime of Er3+: 4I11/2 in low phonon-energy ﬂuoro-chloride glasses for mid-infrared optical applications // Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2018. Vol. 731. PP. 418-422. DOI:10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.10.020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang S., Xiao X., Pan Q., Chen D., Qiu J., Dong G. Spectroscopic properties in Er3+-doped germanotellurite glasses and glass ceramics for mid-infrared laser materials // Scientific Reports. 2017. Vol. 7. DOI:10.1038/srep43186</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang S., Xiao X., Pan Q., Chen D., Qiu J., Dong G. Spectroscopic properties in Er3+-doped germanotellurite glasses and glass ceramics for mid-infrared laser materials // Scientific Reports. 2017. Vol. 7. DOI:10.1038/srep43186</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
