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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tuzsut</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Труды учебных заведений связи</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1813-324X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2712-8830</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбГУТ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31854/1813-324X-2024-10-5-62-90</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">DUMKWF</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">tuzsut-629</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭЛЕКТРОНИКА, ФОТОНИКА, ПРИБОРОСТРОЕНИЕ И СВЯЗЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ELECTRONICS, PHOTONICS, INSTRUMENTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Комплекс моделей позиционирования устройств в сетях шестого поколения. Часть 2. Обзор алгоритмов и оценка точности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A Set of Models for Device Positioning in Sixth Generation Networks. Part 2. Review of Algorithms and Accuracy Assessment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5358-1895</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фокин</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fokin</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, доцент, профессор кафедры радиосвязи и вещания Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета телекоммуникаций им. проф. М.А. Бонч-Бруевича</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fokin.ga@sut.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет телекоммуникаций им. проф. М. А. Бонч-Бруевича<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>50</fpage><lpage>78</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Фокин Г.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фокин Г.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Fokin G.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://tuzs.sut.ru/jour/article/view/629">https://tuzs.sut.ru/jour/article/view/629</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Настоящая работа является второй частью цикла, посвященного исследованию комплекса моделей позиционирования в сетях шестого поколения терагерцового диапазона, и решает задачи систематизации алгоритмов и оценки точности определения местоположения пользовательского устройства в зависимости от конфигурации и размерности антенной решетки на базовой станции. </p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. В рамках обозначенной в первой части цикла научной проблемы поиска средств достижения дециметровой точности оценок координат, выполненный в настоящем исследовании анализ моделей оценки точности, обзор алгоритмов и путей их оптимизации, а также численный эксперимент служит цели обоснования используемой конфигурации и размерности антенной решетки на базовой станции.</p><p>Методом исследования является аналитический обзор состояния проблемы по актуальным научным публикациям, концептуальное моделирование, категориальный подход, экспертное комбинирование, сопоставительный анализ, формализация, математическое и имитационное моделирование.</p></sec><sec><title>Решение / результаты</title><p>Решение / результаты. Приводятся модели оценки точности позиционирования в сетях 6G терагерцового диапазона, формализуется взаимосвязь первичных измерений и оценок координат для многопозиционного и однопозиционного определения местоположения в ближней и дальней зоне. Выполняется обзор алгоритмов геометрического определения местоположения и позиционирования с обучением для случаев одноэтапной и двухэтапной обработки; анализируется специфика реализации алгоритмов одновременного отслеживания и построения карты. Приводится анализ особенностей оптимизации алгоритмов в режимах оффлайн и онлайн. Средствами имитационного моделирования выполняется оценка точности для сценария территориального распределения с прямой видимостью с идеальной синхронизацией. </p></sec><sec><title>Новизна</title><p>Новизна. Средствами имитационного моделирования научно обосновано достижение дециметровой точности оценок координат и ориентации в 1° в терагерцовом диапазоне для модели дальней зоны при использовании полосы 1 ГГц и составного массива антенной решетки из более чем полутысячи элементов.</p><p>Теоретическая значимость заключается в установлении зависимости точности оценок координат и ориентации устройства от конфигурации и размерности антенной решетки на базовой станции.</p><p>Практическая значимость разработанной имитационной модели заключается в численном обосновании пределов точности позиционирования устройства в сетях шестого поколения в зависимости от используемой на базовой станции антенной решетки для заданного сценария.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. This work is the second part of a series devoted to the study of a set of positioning models in sixth-generation terahertz networks and solves the problems of systematizing algorithms and assessing the accuracy of determining the location of a user device depending on the configuration and size of the antenna array at the base station.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose. Within the framework of the scientific problem of searching for means of achieving decimeter accuracy of coordinate estimates, outlined in the first part of the cycle, the analysis of accuracy assessment models, a review of algorithms and ways of their optimization, as well as a numerical experiment, performed in this study serve the purpose of justifying the configuration and dimensions of the antenna array used at the base station.</p><p>The research method is an analytical review of the state of the problem based on current scientific publications, conceptual modeling, categorical approach, expert combination, comparative analysis, formalization, mathematical and simulation modeling.</p></sec><sec><title>Solution / results</title><p>Solution / results. The paper presents models for assessing the accuracy of positioning in 6G terahertz networks, formalizes the relationship between primary measurements and coordinate estimates for multi-position and single-position positioning in the near and far zones. It provides an overview of algorithms for geometric positioning and positioning with training for cases of one-stage and two-stage processing; analyzes the specifics of implementing algorithms for simultaneous tracking and map construction. It provides an analysis of the features of optimizing algorithms in offline and online modes. Simulation modeling is used to assess the accuracy for a scenario of territorial distribution with direct visibility and ideal synchronization.</p></sec><sec><title>Novelty</title><p>Novelty. Using simulation modeling tools, the achievement of decimeter accuracy of coordinate and orientation estimates of 1° in the terahertz range for a far-field model using a 1 GHz band and a composite antenna array of more than half a thousand elements has been scientifically substantiated.</p><p>The theoretical significance lies in establishing the dependence of the accuracy of coordinate and orientation estimates of the device on the configuration and dimensions of the antenna array at the base station.</p><p>The practical significance of the developed simulation model lies in the numerical justification of the limits of device positioning accuracy in sixth-generation networks depending on the antenna array used at the base station for a given scenario.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>позиционирование</kwd><kwd>ориентация</kwd><kwd>терагерцовый диапазон</kwd><kwd>сети 6G</kwd><kwd>составной массив антенной решетки</kwd><kwd>точность оценки координат и ориентации</kwd><kwd>нижняя граница Крамера ‒ Рао</kwd><kwd>информационная матрица Фишера</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>positioning</kwd><kwd>orientation</kwd><kwd>terahertz range</kwd><kwd>6G networks</kwd><kwd>composite antenna array</kwd><kwd>coordinate and orientation estimation accuracy</kwd><kwd>Cramer ‒ Rao lower bound</kwd><kwd>Fisher information matrix</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>научная статья подготовлена в рамках прикладных научных исследований СПбГУТ, регистрационный но-мер 1023031600087-9-2.2.4;2.2.5;2.2.6;1.2.1;2.2.3 в ЕГИСУ НИОКТР.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фокин Г.А. 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