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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tuzsut</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Труды учебных заведений связи</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1813-324X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2712-8830</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбГУТ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31854/1813-324X-2024-10-4-73-98</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">FTOVZJ</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">tuzsut-612</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭЛЕКТРОНИКА, ФОТОНИКА, ПРИБОРОСТРОЕНИЕ И СВЯЗЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ELECTRONICS, PHOTONICS, INSTRUMENTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Комплекс моделей позиционирования устройств в сетях шестого поколения. Часть 1. Обзор методов и постановка задачи</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A set of Models for Device Positioning in Sixth Generation Networks. Part 1. Methods Survey and Problem Statement</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5358-1895</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фокин</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fokin</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, доцент, профессор кафедры радиосвязи и вещания Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета телекоммуникаций им. проф. М.А. Бонч-Бруевича</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fokin.ga@sut.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет телекоммуникаций им. проф. М. А. Бонч-Бруевича<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">The Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State University of Telecommunications<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>73</fpage><lpage>98</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Фокин Г.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фокин Г.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Fokin G.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://tuzs.sut.ru/jour/article/view/612">https://tuzs.sut.ru/jour/article/view/612</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. На сегодняшний день терагерцовые радиосистемы рассматриваются как технологическая основа интеграции методов и средств радиосвязи и радиолокации в перспективных сетях шестого поколения. Если в сетях 4G LTE возможности позиционирования пользовательских устройств с использованием инфраструктуры базовых станций рассматривались как вспомогательные опции, то в сетях 5G NR технологии определения местоположения (ОМП) стали полноправными сервисами, требования к которым специфицированы наряду с услугами связи. Новой тенденцией позиционирования в сетях 5G NR, по сравнению с сетями 4G LTE, стала однопозиционная оценка координат и ориентации устройства по сигналам единственной базовой станции с возможностью различать прямые и отраженные сигналы. Сети 6G все еще находятся в стадии становления, однако уже можно констатировать, что они знаменуют собой очередной этап эволюции цифровых экосистем, который характеризуется конвергенцией технологий связи, локализации и зондирования радиоэфира и окружающего пространства радиотехническими средствами. </p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Настоящая работа открывает цикл исследований, посвященный обзору моделей, методов и алгоритмов позиционирования устройств в сетях 6G. Целью цикла является поиск и обоснование новых радиотехнических средств достижения дециметровой точности оценок координат устройств 6G. В первой части цикла выполняется обзор методов и формализация модели сбора первичных измерений.</p><p>Методом исследования является аналитический обзор состояния проблемы по актуальным научным публикациям, концептуальное моделирование, категориальный подход, экспертное комбинирование, сопоставительный анализ, формализация, математическое и имитационное моделирование.</p></sec><sec><title>Решение/результаты</title><p>Решение/результаты. В результате обзора методов позиционирования устройств при переходе к сетям 6G актуализируются ключевые показатели эффективности и сценарии ОМП. В результате сопоставительного анализа сетей 5G и 6G систематизируются новые факторы, достоинства и недостатки технологий позиционирования при переходе от сетей диапазона миллиметровых волн к сетям терагерцового диапазона. Формализованная математическая модель сбора первичных измерений используется в имитационной модели оценки точности позиционирования устройств во второй части цикла.</p></sec><sec><title>Новизна</title><p>Новизна. Настоящий цикл является первым подобным исследованием в отечественном научном сегменте по сетевому позиционированию шестого поколения терагерцового диапазона, в котором в авторской редакции выполнен обзор методов и систематизирован комплекс новых факторов ОМП в сетях связи.  </p><p>Теоретическая значимость обзора-анализа заключается в установлении как технологических препятствий, так и новых возможностей по увеличению точности позиционирования при переходе к сетям 6G.</p><p>Практическая значимость формализованной математической модели заключается в ее последующей программной реализации для численного обоснования пределов точности позиционирования в сетях 6G.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. Today, terahertz radio systems are considered as a technological basis for integrating methods and means of radio communication and radar in promising sixth-generation networks. If in 4G LTE networks the capabilities of positioning user equipment using the infrastructure of base stations were considered as auxiliary options, then in 5G NR networks, location determination technologies (LDTs) have become full-fledged services, the requirements for which are specified along with communication services. A new trend in positioning in 5G NR networks, compared to 4G LTE networks, has become a single-position assessment of the coordinates and orientation of the user equipment based on signals from a single base station with the ability to distinguish between direct and reflected signals. 6G networks are still in their infancy, but it can already be stated that they mark the next stage in the evolution of digital ecosystems, which is characterized by the convergence of communication technologies, localization and sensing of radio air and the surrounding space by radio engineering means.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose. This work opens a research cycle devoted to the review of models, methods and algorithms for positioning devices in 6G networks. The goal of the cycle is to find and justify new radio engineering means for achieving decimeter accuracy in 6G device coordinate estimates. The first part of the cycle provides an overview of the methods and formalization of the model for collecting primary measurements.</p><p>Method is an analytical review of the state of the problem based on current scientific publications, conceptual modeling, categorical approach, expert combination, comparative analysis, formalization, mathematical and simulation modeling.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. As a result of the review of device positioning methods during the transition to 6G networks, key performance indicators and LDT scenarios are updated. As a result of the comparative analysis of 5G and 6G networks, new factors, advantages and disadvantages of positioning technologies during the transition from millimeter wave networks to terahertz networks are systematized. A formalized mathematical model for collecting primary measurements is used in the simulation model for assessing the accuracy of device positioning in the second part of the cycle.</p></sec><sec><title>Novelty</title><p>Novelty. This cycle is the first such study in the Russian scientific segment on network positioning of the sixth generation of the terahertz range, in which the author's version provides an overview of methods and a systematization of a set of new factors of the OMP in communication networks.</p><p>The theoretical significance of the review-analysis lies in the establishment of both technological obstacles and new opportunities for increasing positioning accuracy during the transition to 6G networks.</p><p>The practical significance of the formalized mathematical model lies in its subsequent software implementation for numerical justification of the limits of positioning accuracy in 6G networks.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>позиционирование</kwd><kwd>ориентация</kwd><kwd>терагерцовый диапазон</kwd><kwd>сети 6G</kwd><kwd>реконфигурируемые интеллектуальные поверхности</kwd><kwd>ближняя зона</kwd><kwd>составной массив антенной решетки</kwd><kwd>локальная и глобальная системы координат</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>positioning</kwd><kwd>orientation</kwd><kwd>terahertz range</kwd><kwd>6G networks</kwd><kwd>reconfigurable intelligent surfaces</kwd><kwd>near field</kwd><kwd>antenna array of subarrays</kwd><kwd>local and global coordinate systems</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>статья подготовлена в рамках прикладных научных исследований СПбГУТ, регистрационный номер 1023031600087-9-2.2.4;2.2.5;2.2.6;1.2.1;2.2.3 в ЕГИСУ НИОКТР</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The scientific article was prepared within the framework of applied scientific research SPbSUT, registration number 1023031600087-9-2.2.4;2.2.5;2.2.6;1.2.1;2.2.3 in the information system (https://www.rosrid.ru/information)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фокин Г.А. 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