<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tuzsut</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Труды учебных заведений связи</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1813-324X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2712-8830</issn><publisher><publisher-name>СПбГУТ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31854/1813-324X-2024-10-4-48-61</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">YZJDJC</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">tuzsut-610</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭЛЕКТРОНИКА, ФОТОНИКА, ПРИБОРОСТРОЕНИЕ И СВЯЗЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ELECTRONICS, PHOTONICS, INSTRUMENTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Реализация высокомобильного комплекса пеленгации для БПЛА с применением виртуальных магнитных диполей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Implementation of a Highly Mobile UAVs Direction Finding Complex Using Virtual Magnetic Dipoles</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5270-0792</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ищенко</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ishchenko</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры радиоэлектронных устройств и систем Воронежского государственного технического университета</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kursk1998@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2031-5531</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пастернак</surname><given-names>Ю. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pasternak</surname><given-names>Yu. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры радиоэлектронных устройств и систем Воронежского государственного технического университета</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pasternakyg@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9027-6163</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фёдоров</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorov</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры радиоэлектронных устройств и систем Воронежского государственного технического университета</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fedorov_sm@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3093-0455</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баранников</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Barannikov</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры радиоэлектронных устройств и систем Воронежского государственного технического университета</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">8thbar@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Воронежский государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Voronezh State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ищенко Е.А., Пастернак Ю.Г., Фёдоров С.М., Баранников И.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ищенко Е.А., Пастернак Ю.Г., Фёдоров С.М., Баранников И.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ishchenko E.A., Pasternak Y.G., Fedorov S.M., Barannikov I.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://tuzs.sut.ru/jour/article/view/610">https://tuzs.sut.ru/jour/article/view/610</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. В условиях развития современных широкополосных систем связи особенно актуальной становится задача выполнения пеленгации сигналов с использованием высокомобильных комплексов пеленгации (БПЛА), которые накладывают ограничения на размеры антенных элементов, на расстояние между ними, что приводит к росту математической ошибки пеленга.</p></sec><sec><title>Постановка задачи</title><p>Постановка задачи. В статье ставится задача рассмотреть возможность повышения точности пеленгации высокомобильного комплекса путем применения технологии виртуальных магнитных диполей. Особенностью данного метода является минимизация искажений, которые вносятся корпусом-носителем в характеристики измеряемого поля. Для измерения характеристик поля, а также их парциальных компонент применялись векторные антенные элементы. </p><p>Целью работы является исследование характеристик комплекса радиопеленгации с использованием методов виртуальных магнитных диполей в условиях искажений, вносимых корпусом-носителем. В качестве примера рассматриваются случаи пеленгации разнополяризованных волн, учета влияния обтекателей антенных элементов, оценка предельной точности разрешения, а также шумовой устойчивости. При моделировании использовался метод конечных элементов, реализованный в DS CST Studio Suite 2024. </p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Во время исследования на БПЛА с комплексом пеленгации падала плоская волна с разными пеленгами, что позволило проводить наиболее точное исследование. К результатам работы также следует отнести создание модели комплекса радиопеленгации, который может быть установлен на малом БПЛА, обеспечивающего высокую точность пеленгации волн в пассивном режиме.</p><p>Новизна применяемого метода заключается в формировании виртуальных магнитных диполей на основе измеренных характеристик искаженного электрического поля. Также новизной данной работы являются случаи моделирования, которые связаны с шумовым подавлением, влиянием корпусов антенных элементов, а также оценки предельной разрешающей точности. </p><p>Практическая значимость заключается в создании модели комплекса радиопеленгации на основе векторных антенных элементов, которые применяются для измерения характеристик электромагнитного поля с последующей пеленгацией на основе магнитного поля. В процессе исследования были рассмотрены все аспекты и случаи влияния внешних факторов на точность радиопеленгационного комплекса.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. In the context of the development of modern broadband communication systems, the task of performing direction finding of signals using highly mobile direction finding systems (UAVs) is becoming especially urgent. They impose restrictions on the size of antenna elements and the distance between them, which leads to an increase in the mathematical error of the bearing. </p></sec><sec><title>Problem statement</title><p>Problem statement. The paper sets the task of considering the possibility of increasing the direction finding accuracy of a highly mobile complex by using virtual magnetic dipole technology. A feature of this method is the minimization of distortions introduced by the carrier body into the characteristics of the measured field. To measure the field characteristics, as well as their partial components, vector antenna elements were used. </p><p>Goal of the work is to study the characteristics of a radio direction finding complex using virtual magnetic dipole methods in conditions of distortions introduced by the carrier body. As an example, cases of direction finding of differently polarized waves, taking into account the influence of radomes of antenna elements, assessment of the maximum resolution accuracy, as well as noise stability are considered. The finite element method implemented in DS CST Studio Suite 2024 was used in the modeling. </p></sec><sec><title>Result</title><p>Result. During the research, a plane wave with different bearings fell on a UAV with a direction finding complex, which made it possible to carry out the most accurate research. The results of the work also include the creation of a model of a radio direction finding complex, which can be installed on a small UAV, providing high accuracy of wave direction finding in passive mode.</p><p>The novelty of the method used lies in the application of methods for the formation of virtual magnetic dipoles based on the measured characteristics of the distorted electric field. New to this work are modeling cases that are associated with noise suppression, the influence of antenna element housings, as well as assessment of the maximum resolution accuracy.</p><p>Practical significance of the work lies in the creation of a model of a radio location system based on vector antenna elements, which are used to measure the characteristics of the electromagnetic field with subsequent direction finding based on the magnetic field.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пеленгация</kwd><kwd>виртуальная антенная решетка</kwd><kwd>векторная антенна</kwd><kwd>обтекатель антенны</kwd><kwd>шумовая устойчивость</kwd><kwd>применение БПЛА</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>direction finding</kwd><kwd>virtual antenna array</kwd><kwd>vector antenna</kwd><kwd>antenna radome</kwd><kwd>noise immunity</kwd><kwd>UAV application</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда по гранту № 19-79-10109, https://rscf.ru/project/19-79-10109</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, contract number 19-79-10109, https://rscf.ru/project/19-79-10109</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun B., Tan B., Ashraf M., Valkama M., Lohan E.S. Embedding the Localization and Imaging Functions in Mobile Systems: An Airport Surveillance Use Case // IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society. 2022. Vol. 3. PP. 1656‒1671. DOI:10.1109/OJCOMS.2022.3208945</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun B., Tan B., Ashraf M., Valkama M., Lohan E.S. Embedding the Localization and Imaging Functions in Mobile Systems: An Airport Surveillance Use Case. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society. 2022;3:1656‒1671. DOI:10.1109/OJCOMS.2022.3208945</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tarkowski M., Kulas L. RSS-Based DoA Estimation for ESPAR Antennas Using Support Vector Machine // IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 2019. Vol. 18. Iss. 4. PP. 561‒565. DOI:10.1109/LAWP.2019.2891021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarkowski M., Kulas L. RSS-Based DoA Estimation for ESPAR Antennas Using Support Vector Machine. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 2019;18(4):561‒565. DOI:10.1109/LAWP.2019.2891021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Musicant A., Almog B., Oxenfeld N., Shavit R. Vector Sensor Antenna Design for VHF Band // IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 2015. Vol. 14. PP. 1404‒1407. DOI:10.1109/LAWP.2015.2409315</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musicant A., Almog B., Oxenfeld N., Shavit R. Vector Sensor Antenna Design for VHF Band. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 2015;14:1404‒1407. DOI:10.1109/LAWP.2015.2409315</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duplouy J., Morlaas C., Aubert H., Potier P., Pouliguen P., Djoma C. Reconfigurable Grounded Vector Antenna for 3-D Electromagnetic Direction-Finding Applications // IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 2018. Vol. 17. Iss. 2. PP. 197‒200. DOI:10.1109/LAWP.2017.2779878</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duplouy J., Morlaas C., Aubert H., Potier P., Pouliguen P., Djoma C. Reconfigurable Grounded Vector Antenna for 3-D Electromagnetic Direction-Finding Applications // IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 2018;17(2):197‒200. DOI:10.1109/LAWP.2017.2779878</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dawood H.S., El-Khobby H.A., Elnaby M.M.A., Hussein A.H. Optimized VAA Based Synthesis of Elliptical Cylindrical Antenna Array for SLL Reduction and Beam Thinning Using Minimum Number of Elements // IEEE Access. 2021. Vol. 9. PP. 50949‒50960. DOI:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3069795</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dawood H.S., El-Khobby H.A., Elnaby M.M.A., Hussein A.H. Optimized VAA Based Synthesis of Elliptical Cylindrical Antenna Array for SLL Reduction and Beam Thinning Using Minimum Number of Elements. IEEE Access. 2021;9:50949‒50960. DOI:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3069795</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yahia A.A., Elkamchouchi H.M. Design of Virtual Antenna Array for Direction of Arrival Estimation Using Real Antenna Array System // Proceedings of the 34th International Technical Conference on Circuits/Systems, Computers and Communications (ITC-CSCC, JeJu, South Korea, 23‒26 June 2019). IEEE, 2019. DOI:10.1109/ITC-CSCC.2019.8793364</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yahia A.A., Elkamchouchi H.M. Design of Virtual Antenna Array for Direction of Arrival Estimation Using Real Antenna Array System. Proceedings of the 34th International Technical Conference on Circuits/Systems, Computers and Communications, ITC-CSCC, 23‒26 June 2019, JeJu, South Korea. IEEE; 2019. DOI:10.1109/ITC-CSCC.2019.8793364</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zuo M., Xie S., Li Y., Zhang C. Joint Estimation Method for Frequency and DOA of Virtual Antenna Array in Space-Time Domain // Proceedings of the International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium ‒ China (ACES, Nanjing, China, 08‒11 August 2019). IEEE, 2019. DOI:10.23919/ACES48530.2019.9060452</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuo M., Xie S., Li Y., Zhang C. Joint Estimation Method for Frequency and DOA of Virtual Antenna Array in Space-Time Domain. Proceedings of the International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium ‒ China (ACES), 08‒11 August 2019, Nanjing, China. IEEE; 2019. DOI:10.23919/ACES48530.2019.9060452</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fayad Y., Wang C., Cao Q., Hafez A.E.-D. Improved ESPRIT algorithm used in spatial subspace for NULA // Proceedings of the 13th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST, Islamabad, Pakistan, 12‒16 January 2016). IEEE, 2016. PP. 620‒623. DOI:10.1109/IBCAST.2016.7429943</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fayad Y., Wang C., Cao Q., Hafez A.E.-D. Improved ESPRIT algorithm used in spatial subspace for NULA. Proceedings of the 13th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology, IBCAST, 12‒16 January 2016, Islamabad, Pakistan. IEEE; 2016. p.620‒623. DOI:10.1109/IBCAST.2016.7429943</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ateşavcı C.S., Bahadırlar Y., Aldırmaz-Çolak S. DoA Estimation in the Presence of Mutual Coupling Using Root-MUSIC Algorithm // Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICEEE, Antalya, Turkey, 09‒11 April 2021). IEEE, 2021. PP. 292‒298. DOI:10.1109/ICEEE52452.2021.9415938</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ateşavcı C.S., Bahadırlar Y., Aldırmaz-Çolak S. DoA Estimation in the Presence of Mutual Coupling Using Root-MUSIC Algorithm. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, ICEEE, 09‒11 April 2021, Antalya, Turkey. IEEE; 2021. p.292‒298. DOI:10.1109/ICEEE52452.2021.9415938</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lim J.-s., Song J., Sung K.-M. Forward-backward time varying forgetting factor Kalman filter based DOA estimation algorithm for UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) autolanding // Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. IEEE, 2002. PP. IV-3964‒IV-3967. DOI:10.1109/ICASSP.2002.5745525</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lim J.-s., Song J., Sung K.-M. Forward-backward time varying forgetting factor Kalman filter based DOA estimation algorithm for UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) autolanding. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. IEEE; 2002. PP. IV-3964‒IV-3967. DOI:10.1109/ICASSP.2002.5745525</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keskin F., Filik T. Isotropic and Directional DOA Estimation of the Target by UAV Swarm-based 3-D Antenna Array // Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT, Istanbul, Turkey, 22‒24 October 2020). IEEE, 2020. DOI:10.1109/ISMSIT50672.2020.9254341</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keskin F., Filik T. Isotropic and Directional DOA Estimation of the Target by UAV Swarm-based 3-D Antenna Array. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies, ISMSIT, 22‒24 October 2020, 22‒24 October 2020, Istanbul, Turkey. IEEE; 2020. DOI:10.1109/ISMSIT50672.2020.9254341</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng J., Guan K., Qutin F. A High-Accuracy DOA-Based Localization Method: UAV Virtual Multiantenna Array // Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications (ICWMC 2021). 2021. PP. 10‒15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng J., Guan K., Qutin F. A High-Accuracy DOA-Based Localization Method: UAV Virtual Multiantenna Array. Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications, ICWMC 2021. 2021. p.10‒15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abeywickrama S., Jayasinghe L., Fu H., Nissanka S., Yuen C. RF-based Direction Finding of UAVs Using DNN // Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS, Chengdu, China, 19‒21 December 2018). IEEE, 2018. PP. 157‒161. DOI:10.1109/ICCS.2018.8689177</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abeywickrama S., Jayasinghe L., Fu H., Nissanka S., Yuen C. RF-based Direction Finding of UAVs Using DNN. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems, ICCS, 19‒21 December 2018, Chengdu, China. IEEE; 2018. p.157‒161. DOI:10.1109/ICCS.2018.8689177</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Павлов И.Д. Исследование влияния антенных элементов миллиметрового диапазона на ошибки пеленгации фазовым методом // Известия высших учебных заведений России. Радиоэлектроника. 2023. Т. 26. № 2. С. 25‒36. DOI:10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-2-25-36. EDN:FRDWEB</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavlov I.D. Research into the Influence of Millimeter-Wave Antennas on Direction Finding Errors by Phase Method. Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics. 2023;26(2):25‒36. (In Russ.) DOI:10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-2-25-36. EDN:FRDWEB</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ashikhmin A.V., Ishchenko E.A., Pasternak Y.G., Pershin P.V., Sivash M.A., Fedorov S.M. Design of Virtual Magnetic Dipole Antenna Array to Reduce the Systematic Bearing Error Caused by Wave Diffraction on the Antenna System and its Carrier Body // Proceedings of the 7th All-Russian Microwave Conference (RMC, Moscow, Russia, 25‒27 November 2020). IEEE, 2020. PP. 111‒114. DOI:10.1109/RMC50626.2020.9312312</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ashikhmin A.V., Ishchenko E.A., Pasternak Y.G., Pershin P.V., Sivash M.A., Fedorov S.M. Design of Virtual Magnetic Dipole Antenna Array to Reduce the Systematic Bearing Error Caused by Wave Diffraction on the Antenna System and its Carrier Body. Proceedings of the 7th All-Russian Microwave Conference, RMC, 25‒27 November 2020, Moscow, Russia. IEEE; 2020. p.111‒114. DOI:10.1109/RMC50626.2020.9312312</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
